In the middle of the last century, scientists began to discuss the possibility of creating an artificial brain. Networks of “formal” artificial neurons were analyzed and shown how they could perform simple logical functions. In 1956, the concept of artificial intelligence was introduced. Gradually, two main approaches to its study emerged. One of them is a software-pragmatic approach, within which many image recognition systems, automatic translators, game programs, robots and other application systems have been built. However, while solving their narrow task, they have little in common with the biological brain and do not possess its properties. The second approach, bionic, was an attempt by scientists to understand how a living organism works. Within the framework of this approach, artificial neural networks were once invented, which, however, subsequently almost lost their resemblance to their biological prototype, moving into the category of software-pragmatic methods.